שבע ומוטל

הערות

עמוד 1, טורונטו, שנות השבעים

1. Sheva Fishteyn [Szewa Fischtein], "Fun geto tsu di partizaner: mayne iberlebungen in der natsi-gehenem" [From the ghetto to the partisans: my experiences in the Nazi hell], in Yizker-bukh tsum fareybikn dem ondenk fun der khorev-gevorener yidisher kehile Riki [Memorial book of the destroyed Jewish community of Ryki], ed. Shimon Kanc (Tel Aviv: Irgun yotse Riki be-Yisrael, 1973), 523, https://archive.org/details/nybc313972; Gravestones of Szewa and Motel Fischtein, Sanhedria cemetery, Jerusalem, photographed March 6, 2024, Fischtein family papers; On the spellings of Szewa, Motel, Fischtein and Kurtzgant, see "A note on names" at the end of the book. ↩
2. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 523; Paweł Łysoń, "Położenie geograficzne" [Geographical location], Urząd Miasta Ryki [Ryki Town Hall], April 5, 2006, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.ryki.pl/index.php/samorzad/polozenie-geograficzne. ↩
3. OpenStreetMap contributors, OpenStreetMap, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.openstreetmap.org; straight-line distances measured from its coordinates; "Dworek nad Wieprzem" [The manor on the Wieprz], Hotel Dwór Osmolice, accessed October 18, 2026, https://dworosmolice.pl/dwor-osmolice/. ↩
4. "Dworek nad Wieprzem," Dwór Osmolice. ↩
5. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 523-24. ↩
6. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 531-32. ↩
7. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 523. ↩
8. Shimon Kanc, ed., Yizker-bukh tsum fareybikn dem ondenk fun der khorev-gevorener yidisher kehile Riki [Sefer Ryki: memorial book of the destroyed Jewish community of Ryki] (Tel Aviv: Irgun yotse Riki be-Yisrael, 1973), catalog record and scan, Yiddish Book Center and New York Public Library Yizkor Book Collection, Internet Archive, accessed October 18, 2026, https://archive.org/details/nybc313972; Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 523-37. ↩
9. Yad Vashem, International School for Holocaust Studies, Shoah Resource Center, "Yizkor Book," glossary entry, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206376.pdf. ↩
10. "Dworek nad Wieprzem," Dwór Osmolice; Andrzej Grzegorczyk (Hirondelle), comp., Przeszłość i teraźniejszość Ułęskiej Ziemi [Past and present of the Ułęż land] (Ułęż: Urząd Gminy Ułęż, 2021), 36-37, accessed October 18, 2026, https://ugulez.bip.lubelskie.pl/upload/pliki/publikacja.pdf. ↩
11. "Dworek nad Wieprzem," Dwór Osmolice; Grzegorczyk, Przeszłość i teraźniejszość Ułęskiej Ziemi, 37. ↩

עמוד 2, ריקי, פולין, שנות השלושים

12. Gravestones, Sanhedria cemetery; Morris Fischtein, emails to Motek (M. Will) Fischtein, October 26, 2026. ↩
13. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 524; Sheva Fischtein, "My Journey Across the Landscape of Hell That Was the Holocaust: The Heroic Account of a Holocaust Survivor" (unpublished typescript, n.d., mid-1990s), Fischtein family papers, Toronto, 3. ↩
14. Akta stanu cywilnego Okręgu Bożniczego w Rykach [Civil registers of the Jewish district of Ryki], fonds 35/1598, Archiwum Państwowe w Lublinie, birth act 9 of 1887 and death acts 5 of 1911 and 59 of 1920, https://www.szukajwarchiwach.gov.pl/zespol/-/zespol/4100. ↩
15. One branch of her mother's family, for readers searching for it: Szewa's great-aunt Lea Tzvibeker (also Cwibeker, Zwibeker) née Rozenkiewicz, born in Ryki in 1882 to Motel and Sheve Rozenkiewicz, was a sister of Szymon Godel Rozenkiewicz. She married Barukh-Meir Tzvibeker (Eydeles), a Ryki shoemaker born in 1872; she ran a restaurant, gave charity in secret, raised much of the money to rebuild the beit midrash after the fire of 1925, and named a daughter Sheva for the same great-grandmother. Lea, Barukh-Meir and most of their children (Pesia Handsztok, Sheva Grinkorn, Chaya, Golde, Moshe and Shimon) were killed during the war. Their son Severin Zwibeker and their grandson Jakob (Yaakov) Handsztok, Szewa's second cousin and the author of two chapters of Sefer Ryki, survived and filed the Pages of Testimony; Nachman Abramovitz, "Mishenikhnas Nisan" [When Nisan comes], in Shimon Kanc, ed., Sefer Ryki (Tel Aviv: Irgun yotse Riki be-Yisrael, 1973), 259-60, translated for this book from the original Hebrew and Yiddish; Yankev Handshtok [Jakob Handsztok], "Gerangl far lebn" [Struggle for life], in Shimon Kanc, ed., Sefer Ryki (Tel Aviv: Irgun yotse Riki be-Yisrael, 1973), 420, 426, 428, in Yiddish; Polish translation by Michael Dunayevsky and Andrzej Cieśla, "Walka o życie," JewishGen Yizkor Book Project, https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/ryki/rykp411.html; Yad Vashem, Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names, Pages of Testimony for the Tzvibeker family of Ryki (also written Cwibeker and Zwibeker), submitted by Severin Zwibeker and Yaakov Handshtok [Jakob Handsztok], items 877629, 3577978, 495046, 1975169, 3615768 and 820867, https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names. ↩
16. Łysoń, "Położenie geograficzne"; OpenStreetMap. ↩
17. "Ryki," in Pinkas ha-kehilot: Polin [Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities: Poland], vol. 7, Lublin and Kielce Districts, ed. Abraham Wein (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1999), 550-53, trans. Joel A. Linsider, JewishGen Yizkor Book Project, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/pinkas_poland/pol7_00550.html. ↩
18. Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael-Jewish National Fund, "The First Decade: 1901-1910," KKL-JNF, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.kkl-jnf.org/second_decade_1901_1910/. ↩
19. Personal file of Fisztajn, Motek, born December 15, 1909, in Ryki, and of further persons, International Refugee Organization, Care and Maintenance files, 3.2.1.1/80206, Arolsen Archives, Bad Arolsen, Germany, DocID 79087139, https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/archive/3-2-1-1_32110000-080-206; Florida Death Index, 1877-1998, Szewa Fischtein, died December 27, 1994, Dade County, Florida Department of Health, Office of Vital Records, indexed on Ancestry.com, https://www.ancestry.ca/search/collections/7338/records/4053318; Morris Fischtein, emails. ראו את התעודה: Szewa's displaced persons questionnaire, Zeilsheim, July 19, 1946. ↩

עמוד 3, ריקי, שנות העשרים

20. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 523. ↩
21. Motek (M. Will) Fischtein, family recollections, October and November 2026. ↩
22. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 523-24. ↩
23. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 526. ↩
24. Yisrael Bornshteyn, "Di geshikhte fun Ryki, rabonim" [The history of Ryki, the rabbis], in Shimon Kanc, ed., Sefer Ryki (Tel Aviv: Irgun yotse Riki be-Yisrael, 1973), 88, translated for this book from the original Yiddish; Moshe Teitelboym, "Umet un freyd in mayn shtetl" [Sorrow and joy in my shtetl], in Shimon Kanc, ed., Sefer Ryki (Tel Aviv: Irgun yotse Riki be-Yisrael, 1973), 320, translated for this book from the original Yiddish; Yitzhak Tuvia Stanislavski, "Ele ezkera" [These I remember], in Shimon Kanc, ed., Sefer Ryki (Tel Aviv: Irgun yotse Riki be-Yisrael, 1973), 159, translated for this book from the original Hebrew; Abramovitz, "Mishenikhnas Nisan," 237. ↩
25. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Jewish Population of Europe in 1945," Holocaust Encyclopedia, last edited January 10, 2025, accessed October 18, 2026, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/remaining-jewish-population-of-europe-in-1945; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Jewish Population of Europe in 1933: Population Data by Country," Holocaust Encyclopedia, last edited November 18, 2024, accessed October 18, 2026, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jewish-population-of-europe-in-1933-population-data-by-country. ↩
26. "Ryki: History," Virtual Shtetl, POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews, accessed October 18, 2026, https://sztetl.org.pl/en/towns/r/714-ryki/99-history/137971-history-of-community. ↩
27. Ryki Jewish civil registers, AP Lublin 35/1598, deaths, 1920 to 1930. ↩

עמוד 4, אוסמוליצה, 1 בספטמבר 1939

28. "Dworek nad Wieprzem," Dwór Osmolice; Grzegorczyk, Przeszłość i teraźniejszość Ułęskiej Ziemi, 36-37; Atlas Fontium, Instytut Historii PAN, "Wykaz majątków wielkiej własności ziemskiej w Polsce objętych dekretem o reformie rolnej z 6 IX 1944 r." [Register of large landed estates covered by the land reform decree of September 6, 1944], Warsaw province, Garwolin county, gmina Ułęż, accessed October 24, 2026, https://atlasfontium.pl/wykaz-majatkow-ziemskich-1944/. ↩
29. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 523-24; Gravestones, Sanhedria cemetery; Fisztajn personal file, Arolsen Archives, DocID 79087141. ראו את התעודה: Application for assistance, PCIRO, February 16, 1948. ↩
30. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Invasion of Poland, Fall 1939," Holocaust Encyclopedia, last edited August 25, 2021, accessed October 18, 2026, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/invasion-of-poland-fall-1939. ↩
31. Polska Agencja Prasowa, "Wystawa o Szkole Orląt w krakowskim Muzeum Lotnictwa Polskiego na zakończenie obchodów 100-lecia uczelni" [An exhibition on the School of Eaglets at the Polish Aviation Museum in Kraków closes the academy's centenary], Dzieje.pl, December 12, 2025, accessed October 18, 2026, https://dzieje.pl/dzieje-sie/wystawa-o-szkole-orlat-w-krakowskim-muzeum-lotnictwa-polskiego-na-zakonczenie-obchodow; "Ryki," Pinkas ha-kehilot. ↩
32. OpenStreetMap; "Dworek nad Wieprzem," Dwór Osmolice. ↩
33. Grzegorczyk, Przeszłość i teraźniejszość Ułęskiej Ziemi, 37. ↩
34. Ryki Jewish civil registers, AP Lublin 35/1598. ↩

עמוד 5, ריקי, 20 בספטמבר 1939

35. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 524; Fischtein, "My Journey," 3. ↩
36. Laura Crago and Michael McConnell, "Ryki," in The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945, vol. 2, Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe, ed. Martin Dean (Bloomington: Indiana University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2012), part A, 708, open-access edition, https://muse.jhu.edu/encyclopedia/ushmm; "Ryki: History," Virtual Shtetl. ↩
37. Laura Crago, "Irena (Dęblin-Irena)," in Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. 2, part A, 636; Jakob Mandelbaum, "Nasze miasteczko pod okupacją hitlerowską" [Our town under the Nazi occupation], in Shimon Kanc, ed., Sefer Ryki (Tel Aviv: Irgun yotse Riki be-Yisrael, 1973), 411, translated by Judith Dunayevsky and Andrzej Cieśla, JewishGen Yizkor Book Project, https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/ryki/rykp411.html. ↩
38. Crago and McConnell, "Ryki," 708; "Ryki," Pinkas ha-kehilot; "Odtworzone z pamięci" [Recovered from memory], recollections of E. Doliński, S. Skwarek, K. Filiks, Cz. Dąbrowski and J. Wiśnioch, ed. Zbigniew Lipski, Miesięcznik Rycki, no. 1 (1996), reprinted in Zbigniew Lipski, comp., "Wojna i okupacja we wspomnieniach mieszkańców Ryk (i nie tylko)" [War and occupation in the memories of the people of Ryki], Miasto Dęblin, accessed October 25, 2026, https://deblin.cal24.pl/wspomnienia.php. ↩
39. Crago and McConnell, "Ryki," 708; Lipski, "Odtworzone z pamięci." ↩
40. USHMM, "Invasion of Poland, Fall 1939"; Adrian Gilbert and the Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Invasion of Poland," Encyclopaedia Britannica, last updated September 28, 2026, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.britannica.com/event/Invasion-of-Poland; "Ryki," Pinkas ha-kehilot. ↩
41. "Ryki," Pinkas ha-kehilot; Mandelbaum, "Nasze miasteczko pod okupacją hitlerowską," 411-12; B. Bronkacz, "Days and Nights Full of Anxiety," in Shimon Kanc, ed., Sefer Ryki (Tel Aviv: Irgun yotse Riki be-Yisrael, 1973), 436, translated by Michael Dunayevsky, Andrzej Cieśla and Bronia Bronkesh, JewishGen Yizkor Book Project, https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/ryki/ryk410.html; Edmund Doliński, "Zarejestrowane w pamięci" [Recorded in memory], Miesięcznik Rycki, no. 9 (1997), in Lipski, "Wojna i okupacja," https://deblin.cal24.pl/wspomnienia.php. ↩
42. Mandelbaum, "Nasze miasteczko pod okupacją hitlerowską," 412; Crago and McConnell, "Ryki," 708. ↩
43. Mandelbaum, "Nasze miasteczko pod okupacją hitlerowską," 412; Josef Gutwaks, "Krwawy marsz" [A bloody march], in Shimon Kanc, ed., Sefer Ryki (Tel Aviv: Irgun yotse Riki be-Yisrael, 1973), 472, translated by Andrzej Cieśla, JewishGen Yizkor Book Project, https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/ryki/rykp441.html. ↩
44. USHMM, "Invasion of Poland, Fall 1939"; "Historia" [History], Urząd Miasta Ryki [Ryki Town Hall], January 5, 2006, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.ryki.pl/index.php/samorzad/historia; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Krakow Ghetto: Key Dates," Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed October 18, 2026, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/krakow-key-dates. ↩

עמוד 6, גטו ריקי, 1940 עד 1942

45. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 524; Fischtein, "My Journey," 3. ↩
46. Kartoteka skonfiskowanych nieruchomości żydowskich z Dystryktu Lubelskiego [Card file of confiscated Jewish real estate, Lublin District], Sygn. 243, RG-15.111M, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, cards for Motek Fisztajn and Majer Fisztajn, Ryki, May 13, 1941, indexed in "Lublin, Poland, Confiscated Jewish Properties, 1940-1944 (USHMM)," Ancestry.com, https://www.ancestry.ca/search/collections/62694/records/1882. ↩
47. Fisztajn personal file, Arolsen Archives, DocID 79087141. ראו את התעודה: Application for assistance, PCIRO, February 16, 1948. ↩
48. "Regulation for the Identification of Jewish Men and Women in the Government-General, November 23, 1939," translated from Verordnungsblatt für das Generalgouvernement, 1939, 61, Yad Vashem, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.yadvashem.org/docs/jews-identifying-marks.html; USHMM, "Krakow Ghetto: Key Dates." ↩
49. "Third Regulation for Restrictions of Residence in the Government-General, October 15, 1941," translated from Verordnungsblatt für das Generalgouvernement, 1941, 595, Yad Vashem, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.yadvashem.org/docs/ban-on-jews-residence-changes.html. ↩
50. Lublin District confiscated property cards, RG-15.111M. ↩
51. "Ryki," Pinkas ha-kehilot; Crago and McConnell, "Ryki," 708-9; Mandelbaum, "Nasze miasteczko pod okupacją hitlerowską," 412-13. ↩
52. Crago and McConnell, "Ryki," 709; Mandelbaum, "Nasze miasteczko pod okupacją hitlerowską," 412; Lublin District confiscated property cards, RG-15.111M. ↩
53. Crago and McConnell, "Ryki," 709. ↩
54. Crago and McConnell, "Ryki," 709; "Ryki," Pinkas ha-kehilot. ↩
55. Crago and McConnell, "Ryki," 709; Fischtein, "My Journey," 3. ↩
56. "Ryki: History," Virtual Shtetl. ↩
57. Lipski, "Odtworzone z pamięci"; Doliński, "Zarejestrowane w pamięci." ↩
58. Crago and McConnell, "Ryki," 709-10. ↩

עמוד 7, 1941

59. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 524-25; Fischtein, "My Journey," 3. ↩
60. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Propaganda Poster: 'Jews Are Lice: They Cause Typhus,'" Experiencing History: Holocaust Sources in Context, accessed October 18, 2026, https://perspectives.ushmm.org/item/propaganda-poster-jews-are-lice-they-cause-typhus; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Photo of Quarantined Building in the Warsaw Ghetto," Experiencing History: Holocaust Sources in Context, accessed October 18, 2026, https://perspectives.ushmm.org/item/photo-of-quarantined-building-in-the-warsaw-ghetto. ↩
61. USHMM, "Quarantined Building in the Warsaw Ghetto"; Christopher R. Browning, "Genocide and Public Health: German Doctors and Polish Jews, 1939-41," Holocaust and Genocide Studies 3, no. 1 (1988): 21-36, https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/3.1.21. ↩

עמוד 8, גדר הגטו

62. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 524-25. ↩
63. Emanuel Ringelblum, "The Smuggling of Food into the Warsaw Ghetto," in Documents on the Holocaust: Selected Sources on the Destruction of the Jews of Germany and Austria, Poland, and the Soviet Union, ed. Yitzhak Arad, Yisrael Gutman, and Abraham Margaliot (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1981), 228-29, reproduced by Yad Vashem, Shoah Resource Center, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205408.pdf. ↩
64. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Warsaw Ghetto in World War II: History & Daily Life," Holocaust Encyclopedia, last edited September 23, 2026, accessed October 18, 2026, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/warsaw. ↩
65. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Children during the Holocaust," Holocaust Encyclopedia, last edited November 1, 2024, accessed October 18, 2026, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/children-during-the-holocaust; Ringelblum, "Smuggling of Food," 228-229. ↩
66. Bronkacz, "Days and Nights Full of Anxiety," 436-38; Gutwaks, "Krwawy marsz," 472. ↩

עמוד 9, ראשית מאי 1942

67. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 525; Fischtein, "My Journey," 4. ↩
68. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Wannsee Conference and the 'Final Solution,'" Holocaust Encyclopedia, last edited March 25, 2026, accessed October 18, 2026, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/wannsee-conference-and-the-final-solution. ↩
69. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Belzec," Holocaust Encyclopedia, last edited December 7, 2020, accessed October 18, 2026, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/belzec; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Nazi Killing Centers: An Overview," Holocaust Encyclopedia, last edited September 15, 2026, accessed October 18, 2026, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/killing-centers-an-overview. ↩
70. "Umschlagplatz in Lublin," photographic documentation by Andrzej Stawiński (2022), object MPOLIN-DDZ86, Collections of POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews, accessed October 18, 2026, https://kolekcje.polin.pl/en/umschlagplatz-lublin. ↩
71. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Sobibor," Holocaust Encyclopedia, last edited October 2, 2020, accessed October 18, 2026, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/sobibor. ↩
72. Crago and McConnell, "Ryki," 709; Bronkacz, "Days and Nights Full of Anxiety," 436. ↩
73. Fisztajn personal file, Arolsen Archives, DocID 79087139. ראו את התעודה: Szewa's displaced persons questionnaire, Zeilsheim, July 19, 1946. ↩

עמוד 10, ריקי, 7 במאי 1942

74. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 525; Fischtein, "My Journey," 4; USHMM, "Sobibor." ↩
75. "Ryki: History," Virtual Shtetl; Yahad-In Unum, "Ryki," Holocaust by Bullets interactive map, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.yahadmap.org/en/ryki-lublin-poland/village-1562. ↩
76. Yahad-In Unum, "Ryki"; "Ryki," Pinkas ha-kehilot. ↩
77. USHMM, "Sobibor." ↩
78. Moshe Rubinshteyn, "Tsvishn lebn un toyt" [Between life and death], in Shimon Kanc, ed., Sefer Ryki (Tel Aviv: Irgun yotse Riki be-Yisrael, 1973), 459, translated for this book from the original Yiddish. ↩

עמוד 11, קצה היער

79. "List of Martyrs," in Kanc, Yizker-bukh tsum fareybikn dem ondenk fun der khorev-gevorener yidisher kehile Riki, English translation, JewishGen Yizkor Book Project, https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/ryki/ryk585.html; Yad Vashem, Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names, entries for the Fishtein and Kurtzgand families of Ryki, https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names; Fischtein, "My Journey," 4. ↩
80. USHMM, "Sobibor"; OpenStreetMap. ↩
81. USHMM, "Nazi Killing Centers." ↩
82. Yad Vashem, "Yad Vashem to Hold Memorial Ceremony Marking 76 Years since the Jewish Revolt at the Sobibór Death Camp," press release, October 29, 2019, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.yadvashem.org/press-release/29-october-2019-11-14.html; USHMM, "Sobibor." ↩
83. USHMM, "Sobibor." ↩

עמוד 12, דמבלין, מאי 1942

84. Fischtein, "My Journey," 4; Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 525. ↩
85. "Deblin-Irena," in Pinkas ha-kehilot: Polin [Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities: Poland], vol. 7, Lublin and Kielce Districts, ed. Abraham Wein (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1999), 139-43, trans. Joel A. Linsider, JewishGen Yizkor Book Project, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/pinkas_poland/pol7_00139b.html; Andrzej Gibasiewicz, "Organizacja służby uzbrojenia w Wojsku Polskim w latach 1918-1939" [The organization of the armament service in the Polish Army, 1918-1939], Przegląd Historyczno-Wojskowy 18 (69), no. 2 (260) (2017): 70, https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media/texts/przeglad-historyczno-wojskowy-1640-6281/2017-tom-18-69-numer-2-260/phw_2017_2_03.pdf; Yahad-In Unum, "Ryki." ↩
86. "Deblin-Irena," Pinkas ha-kehilot; Instytut Pamięci Narodowej [Institute of National Remembrance], "Dęblin," Szlaki nadziei: Odyseja wolności [Paths of hope: An odyssey of freedom], outdoor exhibition, Dęblin, June 8 to July 31, 2022, accessed October 18, 2026, https://szlakinadziei.ipn.gov.pl/sn/wystawy/92566,Deblin.html. ↩
87. PAP, "Wystawa o Szkole Orląt." ↩
88. '45 Aid Society, "Dęblin-Irena Ghetto," accessed October 18, 2026, https://45aid.org/?p=25804; POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews, "Dęblin: Historia społeczności" [Dęblin: history of the community], Wirtualny Sztetl, accessed October 18, 2026, https://sztetl.org.pl/pl/miejscowosci/d/669-deblin/99-historia-spolecznosci/137235-historia-spolecznosci. ↩
89. OpenStreetMap. ↩

עמוד 13, דמבלין, 1942

90. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 525-26. ↩
91. Manasha Bronkesh, oral history interview by Sara Callen, Philadelphia, April 21, 1985, sound cassette (60 min.), RG-50.462.0650, Gratz College Holocaust Oral History Archive collection, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, interview summary in the Museum's catalog, accessed October 21, 2026, https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn566273. ↩

עמוד 14, היער, 1942

92. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 526. ↩
93. Jan Grabowski, "Rural Society and the Jews in Hiding: Elders, Night Watches, Firefighters, Hostages and Manhunts," Yad Vashem Studies 40, no. 1 (2012); Ofer Aderet, "'Orgy of Murder': The Poles Who 'Hunted' Jews and Turned Them Over to the Nazis," Haaretz, February 11, 2017, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/.premium-1.770707. ↩
94. Jan Grabowski, Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013); Barbara Engelking and Jan Grabowski, eds., Night without End: The Fate of Jews in German-Occupied Poland (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2022). ↩

עמוד 15, היער, 1942

95. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 526-27. ↩
96. Rafał Drabik, "Polska Partia Robotnicza, Gwardia Ludowa-Armia Ludowa na południowej Lubelszczyźnie w okresie okupacji niemieckiej" [The Polish Workers' Party and the People's Guard and People's Army in the southern Lublin region during the German occupation], Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, accessed October 18, 2026, https://ipn.gov.pl/pl/historia-z-ipn/archiwum/217364,Rafal-Drabik-Polska-Partia-Robotnicza-Gwardia-Ludowa-Armia-Ludowa-na-poludniowej.html; Maciej Replewicz, "80 lat temu Niemcy zamordowali 97 mieszkańców Białki k. Parczewa" [Eighty years ago the Germans murdered 97 residents of Białka near Parczew], Polish Press Agency, dzieje.pl (Muzeum Historii Polski), December 7, 2022, accessed October 18, 2026, https://dzieje.pl/wiadomosci/80-lat-temu-niemcy-zamordowali-97-mieszkancow-bialki-k-parczewa; Yad Vashem, Shoah Resource Center, International School for Holocaust Studies, "Home Guard, Poland," n.d., accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206629.pdf. ↩
97. Drabik, "Polska Partia Robotnicza, Gwardia Ludowa-Armia Ludowa"; Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 527. ↩

עמוד 16, סתיו 1942

98. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 527-28. ↩
99. "Deblin-Irena," Pinkas ha-kehilot; Yad Vashem, Shoah Resource Center, International School for Holocaust Studies, "Treblinka," n.d., accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205886.pdf; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Treblinka," Holocaust Encyclopedia, last edited March 3, 2021, accessed October 18, 2026, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/treblinka. ↩
100. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 527-28. ↩
101. Muzeum Treblinka, "Transports," accessed October 18, 2026, https://muzeumtreblinka.eu/en/project/transports/; The Memory of Treblinka Foundation, "Fugitives," accessed October 18, 2026, https://memoryoftreblinka.org/escapees/. ↩

עמוד 17, היער, סתיו 1942

102. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 527. ↩

עמוד 18, חורף 1942

103. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 528. ↩
104. Grabowski, "Rural Society and the Jews in Hiding." ↩
105. Barbara Engelking, Such a Beautiful Sunny Day . . . : Jews Seeking Refuge in the Polish Countryside, 1942-1945 (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2016); Drabik, "Polska Partia Robotnicza, Gwardia Ludowa-Armia Ludowa"; Aderet, "Orgy of Murder." ↩

עמוד 19, חורף 1942

106. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 528-29. ↩

עמוד 20, חורף 1942 עד 1943

107. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 529. ↩
108. Alicja Gontarek, "Dead for Good Deeds: Hans Frank's Decree of 15 October 1941 and the Issue of Polish-Jewish Relations During the Holocaust," Institute of National Remembrance, October 15, 2021, accessed October 18, 2026, https://eng.ipn.gov.pl/en/digital-resources/articles/8983,Dead-for-Good-Deeds-Hans-Frank039s-Decree-of-15-October-1941-and-the-Issue-of-Po.html. ↩
109. Yad Vashem, "Jozef and Wiktoria Ulma," The Righteous Among the Nations, Featured Stories, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/ulma.html. ↩
110. Yad Vashem, "Names and Numbers of Righteous Among the Nations: Per Country and Ethnic Origin, as of January 1, 2024," The Righteous Among the Nations, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/statistics.html. ↩

עמוד 21, אביב 1943

111. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 529-30. ↩
112. Adam Puławski, "Sowiecki partyzant, polski problem" [The Soviet partisan, a Polish problem], Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość 5, no. 1, whole no. 9 (2006): 219-20, https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media/texts/pamiec-i-sprawiedliwosc/2006-tom-5-numer-1-9/pamiec_i_sprawiedliwosc-r2006-t5-n1_9-s217-254.pdf; Jerzy Bednarek, "Sowiecka grupa dywersyjno-wywiadowcza 'Arsenał' i jej działalność na ziemiach polskich (październik 1944 to styczeń 1945)" [The Soviet sabotage and intelligence group "Arsenal" and its activity on Polish lands, October 1944 to January 1945], Dzieje Najnowsze 48, no. 2 (2016): 76, https://doi.org/10.12775/DN.2016.2.04. ↩
113. Bednarek, "Sowiecka grupa dywersyjno-wywiadowcza 'Arsenał'," 75, 78-81; Edgar M. Howell, The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941-1944, Department of the Army Pamphlet 20-244 (Washington, DC: Department of the Army, 1956), 43, https://archive.org/details/PAM20-244; Puławski, "Sowiecki partyzant," 217. ↩
114. Motek (M. Will) Fischtein, family research records on Szewa and Motel Fischtein (unpublished files, October 16-17, 2026), family archive. ↩

עמוד 22, אביב 1943

115. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 530-31. ↩
116. Bednarek, "Sowiecka grupa dywersyjno-wywiadowcza 'Arsenał'," 81, 87; Howell, Soviet Partisan Movement, 84. ↩
117. Bednarek, "Sowiecka grupa dywersyjno-wywiadowcza 'Arsenał'," 81, 88. ↩

עמוד 23, 1943

118. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 531; Fischtein, "My Journey," 7. ↩
119. '45 Aid Society, "Dęblin-Irena Ghetto"; Wirtualny Sztetl, "Dęblin: Historia społeczności"; Talia Farkash, "Labor and Extermination: The Labor Camp at the Dęblin-Irena Airfield, Puławy County, Lublin Province, Poland, 1942-1944," Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust 29, no. 1 (2015): 58-79, https://doi.org/10.1080/23256249.2014.987989. ↩
120. Gibasiewicz, "Organizacja służby uzbrojenia," 70, 70; Yahad-In Unum, "Ryki"; '45 Aid Society, "Ryki Ghetto," accessed October 18, 2026, https://45aid.org/?p=25827. ↩
121. Drabik, "Polska Partia Robotnicza, Gwardia Ludowa-Armia Ludowa." ↩

עמוד 24, 1943

122. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 531; Fischtein, "My Journey," 7; Fisztajn personal file, Arolsen Archives, DocID 79087139. ראו את התעודה: Szewa's displaced persons questionnaire, Zeilsheim, July 19, 1946. ↩
123. Shmuel Krakowski, "Armed Resistance," in The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, online ed. (New York: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, 2010), accessed October 18, 2026, https://encyclopedia.yivo.org/article/217; Yad Vashem, "The Partisans: Stories of Jews Who Saved Jews," online exhibition, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.yadvashem.org/exhibitions/human-spirit-during-the-holocaust/jews-who-saved-jews/partisans. ↩
124. Joshua D. Zimmerman, "The Polish Underground Home Army (AK) and the Jews: What Postwar Jewish Testimonies and Wartime Documents Reveal," East European Politics and Societies and Cultures 34, no. 1 (February 2020): 195, 198, 214, https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325419844816. ↩

עמוד 25, חורף 1943

125. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 531. ↩
126. Howell, Soviet Partisan Movement, 131, 192, 202; Puławski, "Sowiecki partyzant," 218. ↩

עמוד 26, חורף 1943 עד 1944

127. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 524, 531. ↩

עמוד 27, אוסמוליצה

128. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 531-32. ↩
129. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 532. ↩
130. Gontarek, "Dead for Good Deeds"; Yad Vashem, "Poland: Historical Background during the Holocaust," The Righteous Among the Nations, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/poland-historical-background.html. ↩
131. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 531-32. ↩
132. Yad Vashem, The Righteous Among the Nations Database, search for "Niedzielski," accessed October 18, 2026, https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/righteous/search-results/Niedzielski?page=1. ↩

עמוד 28, אוסמוליצה, 1944

133. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 532. ↩

עמוד 29, אוסמוליצה, 24 ביולי 1944

134. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 532. ↩
135. Ireneusz Caban, "Niektóre problemy organizowania władzy ludowej w Lubelskiem (lipiec to wrzesień 1944)" [Some problems in organizing people's government in the Lublin region, July to September 1944], Rocznik Lubelski 15 (1972): 221, https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media/texts/rocznik-lubelski/1972-tom-15/rocznik_lubelski-r1972-t15-s221-242.pdf. ↩
136. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Liberation of Nazi Camps," Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed October 18, 2026, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/liberation-of-nazi-camps; Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 532. ↩
137. USHMM, "Liberation of Nazi Camps"; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Lublin/Majdanek Concentration Camp: Conditions," Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed October 24, 2026, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/lublin-majdanek-concentration-camp-conditions. ↩
138. Wsiewołod Wołczew, "Zmiany w układzie sił politycznych na Lubelszczyźnie w okresie PKWN" [Changes in the balance of political forces in the Lublin region in the period of the Polish Committee of National Liberation], Rocznik Lubelski 10 (1967): 291, https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media/texts/rocznik-lubelski/1967-tom-10/rocznik_lubelski-r1967-t10-s291-316.pdf. ↩

עמוד 30, ריקי, 1944

139. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 532-33. ↩
140. Yad Vashem, "Poland: Historical Background"; David Engel, "Poland since 1939," in The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, online ed. (New York: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, 2010), accessed October 18, 2026, https://encyclopedia.yivo.org/article/18. ↩
141. Anita Shapira and Irit Keynan, "The Survivors of the Holocaust: An Overview," Yad Vashem, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.yadvashem.org/articles/general/the-survivors-of-the-holocaust.html; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Holocaust Survivors and the Establishment of the State of Israel (May 14, 1948)," Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed October 18, 2026, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/postwar-refugee-crisis-and-the-establishment-of-the-state-of-israel. ↩
142. David Engel, "Patterns of Anti-Jewish Violence in Poland, 1944-1946," Yad Vashem Studies 26 (1998): 43-85, online at Yad Vashem, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.yadvashem.org/articles/academic/patterns-of-anti-jewish-violence.html; Yad Vashem, "Anti-Jewish Violence in Poland After Liberation," General Articles, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.yadvashem.org/articles/general/anti-jewish-violence-in-poland-after-liberation.html; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "The Kielce Pogrom: A Blood Libel Massacre of Holocaust Survivors," Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed October 18, 2026, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-kielce-pogrom-a-blood-libel-massacre-of-holocaust-survivors. ↩

עמוד 31, שדליץ, 1944

143. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 533-34. ↩
144. Mariusz Jarosiński, "PKWN," Dzieje.pl, Muzeum Historii Polski, June 25, 2010, updated October 2, 2016, accessed October 18, 2026, https://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/pkwn. ↩
145. Marta Błąd, "Land Reform in People's Poland (1944-89)," Rural History 32, no. 2 (2021): 149-65, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956793321000054; "Był dwór, nie ma dworu. Reforma rolna w Polsce" [There was a manor, there is no manor: Land reform in Poland], review of Był dwór, nie ma dworu: Reforma rolna w Polsce, by Anna Wylegała (Wołowiec: Wydawnictwo Czarne, 2021), Dzieje.pl, Muzeum Historii Polski, February 15, 2022, accessed October 18, 2026, https://dzieje.pl/node/136158. ↩
146. "Dworek nad Wieprzem," Dwór Osmolice; Grzegorczyk, Przeszłość i teraźniejszość Ułęskiej Ziemi, 36-37. ↩
147. Atlas Fontium, "Wykaz majątków ... 1944," Warsaw province, Garwolin county, gmina Ułęż. ↩

עמוד 32, לובלין, חורף 1944 עד 1945

148. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 534. ↩
149. Gloria Wurman, interview 58610, interview by Michelle Klein, Toronto, Ontario, December 30, 2021, video (1 hr. 3 min.), USC Shoah Foundation, 25:28 to 27:22, the family's copy of the recording, provided by her daughter Hanna Weisfeld, October 24, 2026, Fischtein family papers, Toronto; quotations from the family's transcript. ↩
150. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and Refugee Aid," Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed October 25, 2026, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/american-jewish-joint-distribution-committee-and-refugee-aid. ↩
151. Andrzej Żbikowski, "Central Committee of Polish Jews," Żydowski Instytut Historyczny (Jewish Historical Institute), Warsaw, n.d., accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.jhi.pl/en/articles/central-committee-of-polish-jews,57. ↩
152. Yehuda Bauer, "Beriḥah," in Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed., ed. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007), reproduced in Jewish Virtual Library, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/berihah; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Brihah," Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed October 18, 2026, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/brihah. ↩

עמוד 33, לודז', 1945

153. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 534-35. ↩
154. "Łódź," in Pinkas ha-kehilot: Polin [Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities: Poland], vol. 1, Lodz ve-ha-galil, ed. Danuta Dąbrowska and Abraham Wein (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1976), English translation in the JewishGen Yizkor Book Project, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/pinkas_poland/pol1_00004.html; Julian Jaroszewski, "The Organization of Jewish Sports Movement in Łódź in the Years 1945-1949," Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine 45, no. 1 (2024): 17, https://doi.org/10.18276/cej.2024.1-02. ↩
155. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Łódź," Holocaust Encyclopedia, last edited August 9, 2021, accessed October 18, 2026, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/lodz. ↩
156. Jaroszewski, "Jewish Sports Movement in Łódź," 17, 18; Leszek Olejnik, "Społeczność żydowska w Łodzi w latach 1945-1950: Zarys problemu" [The Jewish community in Łódź, 1945-1950: An outline], Acta Universitatis Lodziensis: Folia Historica, no. 60 (1997), English summary, https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6050.60.07. ↩
157. Witold Jarno, "Władze garnizonowe w Łodzi w latach 1945-1949" [The garrison authorities in Łódź, 1945 to 1949], Acta Universitatis Lodziensis, Folia Historica 90 (2013), https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/18104707.pdf. ↩
158. Sam Bronkesh, oral history interview, ca. 1985, digital audio, RG-50.704.0001, gift of Sheryl Bronkesh, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, interview summary in the Museum's catalog, accessed October 21, 2026, https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn47453. ↩

עמוד 34, לודז', יוני 1945

159. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 535-36; Fischtein, "My Journey," 9. ↩
160. Bauer, "Beriḥah"; USHMM, "Brihah." ↩
161. Bauer, "Beriḥah." ↩

עמוד 35, ציילסהיים, 1945 עד 1948

162. Gloria Wurman, interview 58610, family copy, 27:26 to 30:12. ↩
163. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 536; Fischtein, "My Journey," 9; Fisztajn personal file, Arolsen Archives, DocIDs 79087139 and 79087140, and person record 105756369. ראו את התעודות: Szewa's displaced persons questionnaire, Zeilsheim, July 19, 1946; Motel's displaced persons questionnaire, Zeilsheim, July 19, 1946; Chaja Eta's displaced persons registration record, May 29, 1947. ↩
164. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Zeilsheim Displaced Persons Camp," Holocaust Encyclopedia, last edited April 22, 2019, accessed October 18, 2026, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/zeilsheim-displaced-persons-camp-1; Albin H. White, Zeilsheim DP Camp (color), 16 mm film, ca. June 1947, RG-60.7168, Film ID 4506, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of the Museum of Jewish Heritage, catalog description, accessed October 18, 2026, https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn722669. ↩
165. USHMM, "Zeilsheim Displaced Persons Camp." ↩
166. "David Ben-Gurion, Chairman of the Jewish Agency Executive, Speaks to Jewish DPs during a Visit to the Zeilsheim Displaced Persons Camp," photograph, 1946, photograph no. 89707, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of Alice Lev, accessed October 18, 2026, https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa28294; Eleanor Roosevelt, "My Day, February 16, 1946," in The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Digital Edition, ed. Christopher Brick et al. (Washington, DC: Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project, George Washington University, 2008, 2017), accessed October 18, 2026, https://www2.gwu.edu/~erpapers/myday/displaydoc.cfm?_y=1946&_f=md000264. ↩
167. Gloria Wurman, interview 58610, interview by Michelle Klein, Toronto, Ontario, December 30, 2021, video (1 hr. 3 min.), tape 1, segments 24 to 29, Visual History Archive, USC Shoah Foundation, Los Angeles, index and biographical profile in the Archive, accessed October 21, 2026, https://vha.usc.edu/testimony/58610. ↩
168. Montreal Holocaust Museum, "Nachamia Wurman," survivor story edited in 2017 from his 1987 testimony to the Sarah and Chaim Neuberger Holocaust Education Centre, accessed October 22, 2026, https://museeholocauste.ca/en/survivors-stories/nachamia-wurman/; Nachemia Wurman, interview 54393, interview by Gita Keller, Toronto, Ontario, October 15, 1987, video (1 hr. 56 min.), Neuberger Holocaust Education Centre collection, Visual History Archive, USC Shoah Foundation, Los Angeles, biographical profile in the Archive, accessed October 21, 2026, https://vha.usc.edu/testimony/54393; Nachemia Wurman, interview 2062, interview by John Lash, North York, Ontario, April 20, 1995, video (1 hr. 59 min.), Visual History Archive, USC Shoah Foundation, Los Angeles, biographical profile in the Archive, accessed October 21, 2026, https://vha.usc.edu/testimony/2062; Nachemia Wurman, interview 59644, interview by Joyce Fox, Miami Gardens, Florida, December 2, 1997, video (2 hr. 33 min.), Holocaust Documentation and Education Center collection, Visual History Archive, USC Shoah Foundation, Los Angeles, biographical profile in the Archive, accessed October 21, 2026, https://vha.usc.edu/testimony/59644. ↩
169. Nachemia Wurman, interview 2062, interview by John Lash, Toronto, Ontario, April 20, 1995, video (1 hr. 58 min., four tapes), USC Shoah Foundation, tape 4, 13:09 to 17:38, the family's copy of the recording, provided by his daughter Hanna Weisfeld, October 24, 2026, Fischtein family papers, Toronto; quotations from the family's transcript. ↩
170. Nachemia Wurman with Margaret Russell, Nachemia: German and Jew in the Holocaust (Far Hills, NJ: New Horizon Press, 1988); Nachemia Wurman, interview 54393; Nachemia Wurman, interview 2062; Nachemia Wurman, interview 59644. ↩

עמוד 36, למפרטהיים, נובמבר 1948

171. Fisztajn personal file, Arolsen Archives, DocID 79087142 and person record 105756371; Frankfurt am Main Zeilsheim camp list no. 2.532, October 5, 1948, entries 910-12, 3.1.1.2, Arolsen Archives, https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/81981656. ראו את התעודות: Resettlement registration form, IRO, January 25, 1949; Moses-Lebush's displaced persons registration record, January 27, 1949; Zeilsheim camp list no. 2.532, October 5, 1948. ↩
172. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Displaced Persons: Administration," Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed October 18, 2026, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/displaced-persons-administration; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Displaced Persons," Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed October 18, 2026, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/displaced-persons. ↩
173. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Bergen-Belsen Displaced Persons Camp," Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed October 18, 2026, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/bergen-belsen-displaced-persons-camp; Atina Grossmann, Jews, Germans, and Allies: Close Encounters in Occupied Germany (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), chap. 5, "Mir Zaynen Do: Sex, Work, and the DP Baby Boom." ↩

עמוד 37, עוזבים את גרמניה

174. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 535-37. ↩
175. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Immigration to Israel 2002-2006, Publication no. 1365 (Jerusalem: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2009), 35, https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/DocLib/2009/1365/pdf/e_print.pdf; Avner Shalev, "They Chose to Rebuild," Yad Vashem, [2008], accessed October 18, 2026, https://yadvashem.org/about/former-chairmen/avner-shalev/they-chose-to-rebuild; USHMM, "Displaced Persons." ↩

עמוד 38, ישראל

176. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 536-37; Al HaMishmar (Tel Aviv), May 2, 1954, 2, https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/ahr/1954/05/02/01/article/15. ↩
177. Gloria Wurman, interview 58610, family copy, 38:38 to 40:53. ↩
178. Central Bureau of Statistics, Immigration to Israel 2002-2006, xvi. ↩
179. "Life in the Ma'abarot: Mizrahi Jewish Immigrants in Early Israel," Posen Library of Jewish Culture and Civilization, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.posenlibrary.com/entry/life-maabarot-mizrahi-jewish-immigrants-early-israel; Misha Louvish, "Ma'barah," in Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed., ed. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007), reproduced in Jewish Virtual Library, accessed October 18, 2026, https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0013_0_12950.html. ↩
180. Gloria Wurman, interview 58610, tape 1, segment 40. ↩
181. Abramovitz, "Mishenikhnas Nisan," 233. ↩

עמוד 39, ביקור אצל הנשיא, שנות החמישים

182. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 536. ↩
183. Center for Israel Education, "Yitzhak Ben-Zvi Is Inaugurated as Israel's Second President," accessed October 18, 2026, https://israeled.org/ben-zvi-israels-second-president/. ↩

עמוד 40, תל אביב, 1957 עד 1960

184. [A giant building for the US embassy in Tel Aviv], Haaretz (Tel Aviv), February 24, 1957, 4, https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/haretz/1957/02/24/01/article/64; Davar (Tel Aviv), February 24, 1957, 4, https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1957/02/24/01/article/59; "Hushlam sheled beit shagrirut Artsot ha-Brit" [Skeleton of the US embassy building completed], Davar (Tel Aviv), September 11, 1959, 10, Historical Jewish Press, National Library of Israel, https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1959/09/11/01/article/101; "Shagrirut Artsot ha-Brit ba-levush he-hadash" [The US embassy in new dress], Haaretz (Tel Aviv), November 28, 1960, 5, Historical Jewish Press, National Library of Israel, https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/haretz/1960/11/28/01/article/49. ↩
185. "Hushlam sheled," Davar, September 11, 1959, 10; "Shagrirut Artsot ha-Brit ba-levush he-hadash," Haaretz, November 28, 1960, 5; Michael R. Pompeo, "On the Opening of U.S. Embassy Jerusalem," press statement, US Department of State, May 14, 2018, archived at 2017-2021.state.gov, accessed October 18, 2026, https://2017-2021.state.gov/on-the-opening-of-u-s-embassy-jerusalem/. ↩

עמוד 41, אמריקה, ואחר כך טורונטו

186. Morris Fischtein, emails; Fischtein, family recollections. ↩
187. Morris Fischtein, emails; Fischtein, family recollections. ↩
188. IDF and Defense Establishment Archives, "Operation Kadesh: The Suez Crisis 1956," Israel Ministry of Defense, accessed October 18, 2026, https://archives.mod.gov.il/sites/English/Exhibitions/Pages/Operation-Kadesh.aspx. ↩
189. Order in Council P.C. 1959-471, April 16, 1959, list of persons unable to comply with sections 20 or 21 of the Immigration Regulations, p. 18, entries 31-35, Privy Council Office fonds, RG 2, A-1-a, vol. 2231, reel T-5319, Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, digitized in "Canada, Immigrants Approved in Orders in Council, 1929-1960," Ancestry.com, https://www.ancestry.ca/search/collections/61741/records/60730. ↩
190. Gloria Wurman, interview 58610, family copy, 43:00 to 44:16; Canadian Jewish News (Toronto), May 30, 1969, https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/canadianjewishnews/1969/05/30/01. ↩
191. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 537. ↩
192. IDF and Defense Establishment Archives, "Operation Kadesh." ↩
193. Fischtein, family recollections; Morris Fischtein, emails. ↩
194. Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, Pub. L. No. 82-414, § 202(b), 66 Stat. 163, 176, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-66/pdf/STATUTE-66-Pg163.pdf; Dwight D. Eisenhower, "Proclamation 3298, Immigration Quotas," June 3, 1959, online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-3298-immigration-quotas; Harry S. Truman, "Veto of Bill to Revise the Laws Relating to Immigration, Naturalization, and Nationality," June 25, 1952, online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/231060. ↩
195. US Citizenship and Immigration Services, History Office and Library, "Refugee Timeline," accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.uscis.gov/about-us/our-history/history-office-and-library/featured-stories-from-the-uscis-history-office-and-library/refugee-timeline. ↩
196. Jan Raska, "Postwar Immigration through Pier 21," Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21, updated October 26, 2020, accessed October 18, 2026, https://pier21.ca/blog/jan-raska-phd/postwar-immigration-through-pier-21. ↩
197. Order in Council P.C. 1959-471. ↩
198. Order in Council P.C. 1959-471; Fisztajn personal file, Arolsen Archives, DocIDs 79087139, 79087142 and 79087143; Gravestones, Sanhedria cemetery; Morris Fischtein, emails. ראו את התעודות: Szewa's displaced persons questionnaire, Zeilsheim, July 19, 1946; Resettlement registration form, IRO, January 25, 1949; Personal data form, 1946, with a duplicate stamped March 1, 1948. ↩
199. Mike Hume to Motek (M. Will) Fischtein, June 2018, forwarded by email to Morris Fischtein and family, June 29, 2018, with a photograph of Motel and Szewa with the baby Will Pegg and his mother; Fischtein family papers, Toronto. ↩
200. Montreal Holocaust Museum, "Nachamia Wurman"; Nachemia Wurman, interview 2062, family copy, tape 4, 17:25. ↩
201. Gloria Wurman, interview 58610, tape 1, segments 43 to 45. ↩
202. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 537; Order in Council P.C. 1959-471; Fischtein, family recollections; Morris Fischtein, emails. ↩

עמוד 42, ירושלים

203. Gravestones, Sanhedria cemetery; Canadian Jewish News (Toronto), December 4, 1970, 6, https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/canadianjewishnews/1970/12/04/01/page/6; Fischtein, family recollections. ↩
204. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 537. ↩
205. Gravestones, Sanhedria cemetery; Maariv (Tel Aviv), January 25, 1972, 6, https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/mar/1972/01/25/01/article/75. ↩
206. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 537; Fischtein, "My Journey," 10. ↩
207. "The Mount of Olives under Attack," Israel Hayom, May 18, 2012, accessed October 18, 2026, https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/54474. ↩
208. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 537; Gravestones, Sanhedria cemetery; Canadian Jewish News, December 4, 1970. ↩
209. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 537; Gravestones, Sanhedria cemetery. ↩

אחרית דבר

210. Beth Emeth Bais Yehuda Synagogue, "History," accessed October 22, 2026, https://www.beby.org/history.html; OpenStreetMap, Beth Emeth Bais Yehuda, 100 Elder Street, and Blue Forest Drive, both in Bathurst Manor, North York, Toronto, accessed October 22, 2026, https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=43.7638&mlon=-79.4548#map=16/43.7638/-79.4548; Beth Emeth Bais Yehuda Synagogue, "Room Rentals," accessed October 22, 2026, https://www.beby.org/rooms. ↩
211. Dedication plaque, Fischtein Hall, Beth Emeth Bais Yehuda Synagogue, Toronto, December 27, 1970 (29 Kislev 5731), bronze, in English and Hebrew; photographed by the synagogue and sent to Motek (M. Will) Fischtein, October 23, 2026, Fischtein family papers; Gravestones, Sanhedria cemetery. ↩
212. Beth Emeth Bais Yehuda Synagogue, "Schedule," accessed October 22, 2026, https://www.beby.org/weeklyschedule. ↩
213. Mike Hume to Motek (M. Will) Fischtein, June 2018. ↩
214. "Will Pegg Will Die an Assisted Death. He Couldn't Feel More Alive," The Current, CBC Radio, December 11, 2017, updated July 23, 2018, https://www.cbc.ca/1.4433524; "Will Pegg Has Died. He Got to Hear the Finches Sing for One Last Spring," The Current, CBC Radio, September 28, 2018, https://www.cbc.ca/1.4842291. ↩
215. Mike Hume to Motek (M. Will) Fischtein, June 2018. ↩

הערה על השמות

216. Fisztajn personal file, Arolsen Archives, DocIDs 79087139 and 79087143, person record 67057338; Zeilsheim camp list, October 5, 1948; Register of Jewish Survivors, vol. 2, List of Jews in Poland (Jerusalem: Jewish Agency for Palestine, Search Bureau for Missing Relatives, 1945), entries for Motek Fisztajn, Łódź, and Szejwa Fisztajn, Lublin, indexed in "Jewish Holocaust Register of Survivors Printed in Pinkas HaNitzolim I and II, 1945," Ancestry.com, https://www.ancestry.ca/search/collections/1389/records/74938; Central Committee of Jews in Poland, list of Jews in Poland, 1945, p. 71, 3.1.1.3, Arolsen Archives, https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/78813677; List naming Motl Fischtein, his wife Schewa Kurszlant and their daughter Golda, Frankfurt am Main Zeilsheim, A.C. House of Israel, folder 3112113, 3.1.1.2, Arolsen Archives, indexed in "Germany, Lists from Displaced Persons Camps, 1938-1985," Ancestry.com, https://www.ancestry.ca/search/collections/63031/records/994265; Order in Council P.C. 1959-471; Florida Death Index, Szewa Fischtein. ראו את התעודות: Szewa's displaced persons questionnaire, Zeilsheim, July 19, 1946; Personal data form, 1946, with a duplicate stamped March 1, 1948; Szewa's displaced persons registration record, November 28, 1945; Zeilsheim camp list no. 2.532, October 5, 1948; List of Jews in Poland, Central Committee of Jews in Poland, 1945, page 71. ↩
217. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 523; Fischtein, "My Journey." ↩
218. Dedication plaque, Fischtein Hall. ↩
219. Gravestones, Sanhedria cemetery; Fischtein, family recollections. ↩
220. Fisztajn personal file, Arolsen Archives, person record 67057336; Fischtein, "My Journey," 3. ראו את התעודה: Szewa's IRO identity card, Assembly Center 557. ↩
221. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 523-37. ↩
222. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 531, 533-34. ↩
223. Lublin District confiscated property cards, RG-15.111M; Register of Jewish Survivors (1945); Central Committee of Jews in Poland, list of Jews in Poland, 1945; Central Committee of Jews in Poland, Department of Registration and Statistics, Motek Fisztajn, Łódź, RG-15.186M, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, indexed in "Poland, Central Committee of Jews, 1944-1950 (USHMM)," Ancestry.com, https://www.ancestry.ca/search/collections/62366/records/23278; Fisztajn personal file, Arolsen Archives, DocIDs 79087142 and 79087143; Order in Council P.C. 1959-471; Federal voters list, electoral district of York Centre, 1965, Motek Fischtein, builder, RG113-B, Library and Archives Canada, indexed in "Canada, Voters Lists, 1935-1980," Ancestry.com, https://www.ancestry.ca/search/collections/2983/records/56573317; Canadian Jewish News, December 4, 1970. ראו את התעודות: List of Jews in Poland, Central Committee of Jews in Poland, 1945, page 71; Resettlement registration form, IRO, January 25, 1949; Personal data form, 1946, with a duplicate stamped March 1, 1948. ↩
224. Zeilsheim list, Motl Fischtein. ↩
225. Gravestones, Sanhedria cemetery. ↩
226. Dedication plaque, Fischtein Hall. ↩
227. HaBoker (Tel Aviv), November 29, 1954, 4, https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/hbkr/1954/11/29/01/article/67; Haaretz (Tel Aviv), October 9, 1962, 1, https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/haretz/1962/10/09/01. ↩
228. Fischtein, family recollections. ↩
229. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 523; Haaretz, February 24, 1957. ↩
230. Lublin District confiscated property cards, RG-15.111M; Central Committee of Jews in Poland, RG-15.186M; Szewa Fisztajn, "Z getta do partyzantów" [From the ghetto to the partisans], Polish translation of Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," JewishGen Yizkor Book Project, Ryki, https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/ryki/rykp523.html. ↩
231. Fisztajn personal file, Arolsen Archives, DocID 79087143; Zeilsheim camp list, October 5, 1948; Order in Council P.C. 1959-471; Might's Greater Toronto City Directory (Toronto: Might Directories), digitized by the Toronto Public Library, https://archive.org/details/torontocitydirectory1965?q=Fischtein. ראו את התעודות: Personal data form, 1946, with a duplicate stamped March 1, 1948; Zeilsheim camp list no. 2.532, October 5, 1948. ↩
232. "List of Martyrs." ↩
233. Gloria Wurman, interview 58610. ↩
234. Fisztajn personal file, Arolsen Archives, DocID 79087139. ראו את התעודה: Szewa's displaced persons questionnaire, Zeilsheim, July 19, 1946. ↩
235. Fishteyn, "Fun geto tsu di partizaner," 526; Fischtein, "My Journey," dedication, 3. ↩
236. "List of Martyrs"; Yad Vashem, Shoah Victims' Names. ↩
237. Fisztajn personal file, Arolsen Archives, DocIDs 79087138 and 79087142; Zeilsheim list, Motl Fischtein. ראו את התעודות: The family file: ITS envelope; Resettlement registration form, IRO, January 25, 1949. ↩